ç®æ¬¡
- ãæ¬æç解ã
- ãèšå解説ãåäž ïœ¢ãããã人æ çãªæå³ïœ£(åç·éš(1))ãšããããã©ã®ãããªããšããè¿°ã¹ãã
-  åäº ïœ¢ãæ³ãããæš©å©ããšäžå¯åã«çµã³ä»ããŠãããæ£çŸ©ãã¯ãããæå³å·ãã(åç·éš(2))ãšããããããæå³å·ãããšã¯ãã©ã®ãããªããšããè¿°ã¹ãã
- åäž ïœ¢åè ã®æå³ã§ã®ãæ£çŸ©ã(åç·éš(3))ãšã¯ã©ã®ãããªãã®ãããªãã©ã«ïœ£ãšïœ¢ã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ïœ£ãšã®æãæ¹ã®éããå«ããŠèª¬æããã
- åå  “æ£çŸ©” è«ããã®éã蟿ãããšã«ãªããããããªã(åç·éš(4))ãšãããããªããã®ããã«èããããã®ããæç« å šäœãèžãŸããŠèª¬æããã
ãæ¬æç解ã
åºå žã¯ä»²æ£ææš¹ãããŸãçããããã®ææ³ããŒã¯ãŒããã
â â¡æ®µèœãå²åŠçšèªã®å€ãã¯ã西欧ã®èšèããã®ç¿»èš³ã§ãããããšã®èšèã ãšå²åŠçšèªãšæ¥åžžèªã®éãããã»ã©å€§ãããªããŠããæ¥æ¬èªã«ããæããã®å·®ãæ¡å€§ããããšããã°ãã°ããããã®ç«¯çãªäŸã¯ã2010幎ã«NHKã§æŸéãããŠå€§ããªåé¿ãåŒãã ãã€ã±ã«ã»ãµã³ãã«ã®å ¬éè¬çŸ©ãããŒããŒãçœç±æ宀ãââãªãªãžãã«ã»ã¿ã€ãã«ã¯ãjusticeãââãæ©ã«ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®æ¿æ²»å²åŠã®ããŒã¯ãŒããšãªã£ã”æ£çŸ©”ã ããã
â¢ïœâ€æ®µèœãæ¥æ¬èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯ãåãããç¥(ã )ãšã倩ãå®å®ã®æå¿ãšãã£ããåã ã®äººéã®ææãå©å®³ãè¶ è¶ãããã®ã«ç±æ¥ãã絶察çãªåããããã¯ããããå®çŸããããšãšã»ãŒå矩ã«äœ¿ãããããšãå€ããåã®å身ãšããŠã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã¯ã眪ã®ãªã匱è ãèãã巚倧ãªïœ¢æªïœ£ãšéããè±é£èŸèŠã®æ«ã«ïœ¢æªïœ£ã«åå©ããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ãå®çŸããã匱è ã«åªããæ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã«ã¯ã人æ ã®æ©åŸ®ã«ææã§ãæž©ããå¿é ãããããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžããããæåå®èŠïœ£ã«ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®åºæºãæŒãä»ããæ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã¯ããŸãããªããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®ïœ¢çŸ©ïœ£ãšããåãã矩çïœ£ïœ¢å¿ çŸ©ïœ£ïœ¢å€§çŸ©ïœ£ãªã©ã®ïœ¢çŸ©ïœ£ã§ããããšããããšããã£ãŠãæ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã¯ã人éé¢ä¿ã倧äºã«ããããªã€ã¡ãŒãžãããã(以äžç¥)ã
â¥ïœâšæ®µèœãè±èªã®ãjusticeãã«ã¯ïœ¢ãããã人æ çãªæå³ïœ£(åç·éš(1))ã¯ããŸãå«ãŸããŠããªããããããæ¥æ¬èªã§ïœ¢äººæ ãšåŒã°ããŠãããã®ãšã察ç«ãããããªæå³åãããããã(æ£çŸ©(justice)ã¯ïœ¢æ³ïœ£ã暩å©ïœ£ãšèªæºããšãã«ãã)ãæ³ïœ£ã暩å©ïœ£ãšäžå¯åã«çµã³ä»ããŠããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯ãããæå³å·ãã(åç·éš(2))ãæ£çŸ©ïœ£ãå®çŸããã«ã¯ãå人çãªææ ã矩çãªã©ã¯ã§ããéãæããäºã決ãŸã£ãæ³çã«ãŒã«ã«åŸã£ãŠãåé¡ãå ¬æ£ã«åŠçããããšãæ±ãããããäžåºŠçµãã å¥çŽã¯å¿ ãå±¥è¡ããéåè ã眰ããã®ãæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã§ãããå¥çŽãæ³ïœ£ã«åã£ãŠçµã°ããã®ã§ãããããããããç Žãã®ã¯ïœ¢äžæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã§ããã(ããŽã§ãã¹ã®å人ãã®äŸ)ã
â©ïœâ«æ®µèœãæ³ïœ£ã®æ¬è³ªãšããŠã®æ£çŸ©ã¯ãåºæ¬çã«äººéçžäºã®å¥çŽã決ãŸãäºããçããŠãããã®ãªã®ã§ãæ°Žå¹³çã§ããããã ãããªã¹ãæã®æ矩ã«é¢ããæèã§åé¡ã«ãªã(ç¥)ã®æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯ãå šç¥å šèœã®å¯äžç¥ã«ç±æ¥ãããã®ãªã®ã§ãåœç¶ã人ç¥ãè¶ ããŠçµ¶å¯Ÿçã§ãããäžæ¹çã«äººéãã¡ã«å瀺ãããããã®æå³ã§ã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯åçŽçã§ãããçŸä»£æ¥æ¬èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®ãã¥ã¢ã³ã¹ã«è¿ããªãã西欧ã®èšèªã®æ¥åžžäŒè©±ã§ã¯ãæ°Žå¹³çã»æ³çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ãšåçŽçã»å®æçãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ãæ··ããåã£ãŠããããšãå€ãããã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®å²åŠè ãžã§ã³ã»ããŒã«ãºã®ãæ£çŸ©è«ã(1971)以éãè±ç±³ã®æ¿æ²»å²åŠã§åãæ²æ±°ãããŠããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯æããã«ïœ¢åè ã®æå³ã§ã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£(åç·éš(3))ã§ãããããŒã«ãºãã¡ãªãã©ã«ãªè«è ãæ¢æ±ããŠããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯ãå ±åäœããšã®äŸ¡å€èŠ³ã®éããè¶ ãã人ã ãæ®éçã«åæããããšãã§ããèŠç¯ãèšãæããã°ããã®ç€ŸäŒãå ±åã§åœ¢æããããã®å¥çŽã®åºç€ã«ãªãåŸããããªäŸ¡å€äžç«çèŠç¯ã§ãããã©ã®ãããªäŸ¡å€èŠ³ãæŽå²çèæ¯ãæã£ã人ã ã§ããããããéããè¶ ããŠââãšããããã¯ãããããäºãã®éããæèããŠããããããââå°éããã§ããããèªç±ãå¹³çã«é¢ããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®åçããããšããã®ã§ããã
â¬æ®µèœããããã䟡å€äžç«çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®åçã®çºèŠãæ§ç¯ãç®æããªãã©ã«æŽŸã«å¯ŸããŠããµã³ãã«ãªã©ã®ã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ããºã (å ±åäœäž»çŸ©)ã®è«å®¢ã¯ãçŽç²ã«äŸ¡å€äžç«çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®æç«ã¯äžå¯èœã§ãããšäž»åŒµãããã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ã«ãšã£ãŠã® “æ£çŸ©” ã¯ãåå ±åäœãè¿œæ±ããŠããããã¹(ç®çåç)ã®å»¶é·ç·äžã«åºãŠãããã®ã§ãã£ãŠã決ããŠäŸ¡å€äžç«çã§ã¯ãªãã1980幎代ãã90幎代ååã«ãããŠããªãã©ã«ãšã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ã®éã§ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ãš(å ±åäœç)åã®é¢ä¿ãããã壮倧ãªè«äºããã£ãããã®è«äºã¯åœç¶ã®ããšãªãã決çãä»ããªãã£ããããããã¯ã£ããããŠããã®ã¯ããããã®åŽããæ¥æ¬èªã§ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ãšããæã®ãããªã絶察çã»åçŽçãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ãæ±ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªãããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã “ã¿ã㪔 ã«åãå ¥ããããã¹ããäººæ Œæ¹é ã®ãããªãã®ãäŒãŠãããã§ããªãããšããããšã ãè«äºã®çŠç¹ã¯ãã©ãããã«ãŒã«ãªãã¿ããªãå ¬æ£ãª(fair)ãã®ãšããŠåãå ¥ããããšãã§ããããã ã£ãã
ââ®æ®µèœãæ¥æ¬ã§ãå²åŠæžãšããŠã¯ç°äŸã®ãã¹ãã»ã©ãŒã«ãªã£ããµã³ãã«ã®äžè¬åãæç§æžãJusticeïŒWhatâs the Right Thing to Do?ãã®éŠèš³ã¿ã€ãã«ã¯ãããããã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã®è©±ãããããã§ãã£ããæ¥æ¬èªã§ïœ¢ããããã®ïœ£ãšãããšãäœãšãªãã䟡å€ã®è»žã倱ãããŠæ··è¿·ããäžçã®äžã§äœãåºæºã«çããŠè¡ãã°ãããããã®æéããµã³ãã«å çã瀺ããŠãããããªé¿ãããããå®éããµã³ãã«ã® “æ£çŸ©” è«ããçŸä»£äººã®å¿ã®æã¡æ¹ãšçµã³ä»ããããšãããã®ãããªè°è«ãäžéšã«èŠåãããããçãæ¹ãå¿ã®æã¡æ¹ããç¹å®ã®ããããæåž«ã«æ±ãããšããã°ãããã¯å²åŠã§ã¯ãªããŠä¿¡ä»°ã§ãããæ¥æ¬ã® “å²åŠããŒã ” ã¯ãåŸã ã«ããŠã人ç芳ãšãçãã®è©±ã«èœã¡çããã¡ã ãã “æ£çŸ©” è«ããã®éã蟿ãããšã«ãªããããããªã(åç·éš(4))ãå ¬æ£ãªã«ãŒã«ãæ¢æ±ãããè±ç±³ã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©è«ïœ£ãšããã®ã¯ããã©ã€ã§å°å³ãªè°è«ã§ãããå¿ïœ£ã®å¥¥åºãŸã§å ¥ã£ãŠããŠãå°ããŠããããã㪠“çãã®å²åŠ” ã§ã¯ãªãã
ãèšå解説ã åäž ïœ¢ãããã人æ çãªæå³ïœ£(åç·éš(1))ãšããããã©ã®ãããªããšããè¿°ã¹ãã
å 容説æåé¡ãåºãç¯å²ãæ¿ããããããã®æ瀺å 容ãç¹å®ããåé¡ã§ãããåç·éšã«ç¶ãâ¥æ®µèœä»¥äžãè±èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãŠããã®ã«å¯Ÿããâ¢ïœâ€æ®µèœãŸã§ã¯ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«å³ããŠæ¥æ¬èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãŠããããã®ããŒãã¯ããã«ãâ€æ®µèœåé ã®ïœ¢ïœ¢åŒ±è ã«åªããæ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ã«ã¯ããšããã€ã¡ãŒãžããã(䞊åã®ïœ¢ã)ã«çç®ãããšãæ¥æ¬èªã®æ£çŸ©ã®ïœ¢çµ¶å¯Ÿæ§ïœ£ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãâ¢â£æ®µèœãšâ€æ®µèœã«åãããããããªãã°ããããããæ¿ããå 容ã¯â€æ®µèœ(æ¥æ¬èªã®æ£çŸ©ã®ïœ¢äººæ é¢ïœ£ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãéšåã§ãã)ã«éå®ããªããã°ãªããªãã
以äžããâ€æ®µèœããã人æ ã®æ©åŸ®ã«ææã§/æž©ããªå¿é ãããã(A)ãšïœ¢æåå®èŠã§ã¯ãªã人éé¢ä¿ã倧äºã«ãããšããå 容ãæŸããåããããã説æãããå ããŠãããã¯ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ïœ£ã«å«ãŸãããã®ã§ããããšã瀺ãããªã匱è ã«åªãããšããèŠçŽ ã¯ãâ€æ®µèœåé æã®æ§é ããåºæ¬çã«â£æ®µèœã®èŠçŽ ãšãªãã®ã§ãåãç«ãŠãŠåŒ·èª¿ããªãã匱è ãå«ããŠãå¿é ããããããšããããšã§ããã
<GV解çäŸ>
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ã®å³æ¹ãã«å«ãŸãããæåå®èŠã«åºæºãåœãŠã¯ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人éé¢ä¿ãèžãŸããçžæã®äºæ
ã现ããèæ
®ããäžã§ãããã«çžå¿ããæž©ããå¿é
ããããããšã(80)
<åè K塟解çäŸ>
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ããšããèšèã®ã€ã¡ãŒãžã«å«ãŸããŠãããèŠå®ã®æ³çåºæºãç©äºã«çããåœãŠã¯ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã匱è
ã®å³æ¹ãšããŠã人æ
ã®æ©åŸ®ã«éããå¿æž©ãŸãæ
ãããããããšã(82)
<åè Té²è§£çäŸ>
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ãã«å«æããããããªãæåå®èŠã«åæªã®åºæºãæŒãä»ãã姿å¢ãšã¯å¯Ÿæ¥µã«ããã人éé¢ä¿ã«ãããæ©åŸ®ã倧åã«ãã匱è
ã«åžžã«åªããã絶察çã«è¯å®ãããåãšããŠã®æã«ãšããããšã(91)
åäº ïœ¢ãæ³ãããæš©å©ããšäžå¯åã«çµã³ä»ããŠãããæ£çŸ©ãã¯ãããæå³å·ãã(åç·éš(2))ãšããããããæå³å·ãããšã¯ãã©ã®ãããªããšããè¿°ã¹ãã
å 容説æåé¡ãæ¥æ¬èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã«å¯ŸããŠè±èªã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ããã©ãããæå³ã§ïœ£å·ããããææããããããèžãŸãããšãåç·ã®åŸïŒæãæ ¹æ ã«ãªããã€ãŸããå人çãªææ ãææ ã矩çãã§ããéãæã/äºã決ãŸã£ãã«ãŒã«(å¥çŽ)ã«åŸã£ãŠ/åé¡ãå ¬æ£ã«åŠçãã(A)ããã®æå³ã§ïœ¢å·ããã®ã§ããããŸããâ¥æ®µèœãã人æ çãªæå³ã¯ããŸãå«ãŸããŠããªããå©çšããè±èªã®æ£çŸ©ã¯ãã§ãããããæ ã«å·ããé¢ãããããšãŸãšããã
ããã§ãå·ããã¯æåéãå·ããã®ã§ãã£ãŠãããæå³ïœ£ãå ·äœåããäžã§ïœ¢å·ããã®æ¹ãå¥ã®èšèã«çœ®ãæããŠããŸããšãäžåºŠãã©ãçããçããããµãšãã©ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã
<GV解çäŸ>
ãæ³ããæš©å©ããšèªæºãå
±æããè±èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ãã¯ãå人çäºæ
ã極åæããèŠå®ãããå¥çŽã«åŸãåé¡ãå
¬æ£ã«åŠçããããšãå¿åãããããæ
ã«å·ããé¢ããããšããããšã(80)
<åè K塟解çäŸ>
å人ã®æš©å©ãé©åã«ä¿è·ããããã«ããããªãåé¡ã«ã€ããŠããæ³çã«ãŒã«ã«åŸã£ãŠå
¬æ£ã«åŠçãã匱è
ã«æ
ãããããããå«ããæãŸããŠããè
ãäžå©ã«ãããããããšã®ãªããå人çãªææ
ã矩çã«æµãããªãå·éããããããšã(105)
<åè Té²è§£çäŸ>
å人ã®æ£åœãªæš©å©ãå®ãããã«äºã決ãŸã£ãæ³çãªã«ãŒã«ã«åŸã£ãŠåé¡ãå
¬æ£ã«è§£æ±ºããã®ã§ãå«ããè
ãææ
çã«äžå©ã«ãããå人çãªçŸ©çãææ
ã匱è
ãžã®æž©æ
ãæããå·éããããããšã(87)
åäž ïœ¢åè ã®æå³ã§ã®ãæ£çŸ©ã(åç·éš(3))ãšã¯ã©ã®ãããªãã®ãããªãã©ã«ïœ£ãšïœ¢ã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ïœ£ãšã®æãæ¹ã®éããå«ããŠèª¬æããã
å 容説æåé¡ããŸãåè ãšã¯ãåçŽçã»å®æçãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£(A)ã§ã¯ãªãã氎平çã»æ³çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£(B)ã§ãããããã解çã®ç· ãã«ãªããããã¯ããªãã©ã«ïœ£(X)ã«ãã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ïœ£(Y)ã«ãå ±éãããšããã§ãããããã©ãããã«ãŒã«ãªã”ã¿ã㪔ãå ¬æ£(fair)ãªãã®ãšããŠåãå ¥ããããã(â¬æ«æ)ãçŠç¹ãšãããéãã¯ïœ¢ã¿ããªïœ£ã®ç¯å²ã§ããã
ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãâªæ®µããå
±åäœããšã®éããè¶
ãã瀟äŒã/å
±åã§åœ¢æããããã®å¥çŽã®åºç€ãšãªãåŸã/æ®éçãª/䟡å€äžç«çèŠç¯ïœ£ãå¿åãããäžæ¹ïŒ¹ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãâ¬æ®µããåå
±åäœãè¿œæ±ãã/ããã¹(ç®çæè)ã®å»¶é·äžã«/䟡å€äžç«çã§ã¯ãªã/åºæã®èŠç¯ïœ£ãèŠåºãããšãããããã§ãã®ïœ¢æ®éã«å¯ŸããŠïŒ¹ã«ã¯ïœ¢åºæãé
ããã
ããã«ãâ©æ®µãããšïŒ¢ã察æ¯çã«èª¬æãããšãã¯ïœ¢ç¥(âäžäœè
)ãã/絶察çãªãã®ãšããŠ/äžæ¹çã«ä»äžããããã¯ïœ¢æå¡ãçžäºã«/å
¬æ£ãªãã®ãšããŠ/åãå
¥ãã(â¬)ãšãªããïœïŒžã«ãã/ïœïŒ¹ã«ãã/ã§ã¯ãªã/ãšããŠã®æ°Žå¹³çã»æ³çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£ãšãŸãšããã
<GV解çäŸ>
瀟äŒã圢æããããã®å¥çŽã®åºç€ãšãªãåŸãæ®éçãªäŸ¡å€äžç«çèŠç¯ãå¿åãããªãã©ã«ã®ç«å Žã«ãããåå
±åäœã®è¿œæ±ããç®çåçã®å»¶é·äžã«åºæã®èŠç¯ãèŠåºãããšããã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ã®ç«å Žã«ããã絶察çãªãã®ãšããŠäžäœè
ããä»äžããããã®ã§ã¯ãªããæå¡ãçžäºã«å
¬æ£ãªãã®ãšããŠæ¿èªãåãæ°Žå¹³çã»æ³çãªãæ£çŸ©ãã(150)
<åè K塟解çäŸ>
å
±åäœããšã®äŸ¡å€èŠ³ã®éããè¶
ãã䟡å€äžç«çãªãæ£çŸ©ããç®æããªãã©ã«æŽŸãšããæ£çŸ©ãã¯å
±åäœããšã®ç®çåçã®å»¶é·ç·äžã«ãããã®ã§äŸ¡å€äžç«çã§ã¯ãªããšããã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ãšã察ç«é¢ä¿ã«ãããããããã«ãå
±éããã人éçžäºã®å¥çŽã決ãŸãäºããçããæ°Žå¹³çã»æ³çãªãæ£çŸ©ãã®ããšã(136)
<åè Té²è§£çäŸ>
人ç¥ãè¶
ãã絶察çã»åçŽçãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人éçžäºã®å¥çŽã決ãŸãäºã«ããæ°Žå¹³çã»æ³çãªã«ãŒã«ã§ããããªãã©ã«ã¯ãããåå
±åäœã®äŸ¡å€èŠ³ã®éããè¶
ããæ®éçãŠäŸ¡å€äžç«çãªãã®ãšæããã³ãã¥ãã¿ãªã¢ã³ã¯ãããæç«äžå¯èœãªãã®ãšããåå
±åäœãè¿œæ±ããç®çåçã®å»¶é·ç·äžã«äœçœ®ã¥ãã䟡å€äžç«çã§ã¯ãªããšæããã(150)
åå  “æ£çŸ©” è«ããã®éã蟿ãããšã«ãªããããããªã(åç·éš(4))ãšãããããªããã®ããã«èããããã®ããæç« å šäœãèžãŸããŠèª¬æããã
çç±èª¬æåé¡(äž»æš)ããŸãããã®éã蟿ããšã¯ïœ¢äººç芳ãçãã®è©±ã«ãªãããšã§ããããµã³ãã«ãè±ç±³ã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©è«ïœ£(æ°Žå¹³çãªæ£çŸ©(A))ã«å³ããŠèª¬æãããªãã°ãåâ段ããããçãæ¹ã®æéã/瀺ããŠããããã®ãšããŠïœ£(B)åãåãããšã§ãããç¹ã«ïœ¢äŸ¡å€ã®è»žã倱ãããŠæ··è¿·ããäžç(çŸä»£ç€ŸäŒ)(C)(â)ã ãããªãããã§ãããããããããã¯ïœ¢å²åŠã§ã¯ãªãã信仰(â)ã§ãããã€ãŸããééã£ãåãåãæ¹ã§ããããªããããããåãåãæ¹ã«ãªãã®ãïŒ ããã§å šäœãèžãŸããæ¥æ¬ã«ãããæ£çŸ©ïœ£ã¯äŒçµ±çã«ã絶察çã»åçŽçãªæ£çŸ©(D)(â¢â©)ã ããã§ããã
以äžãèžãŸããã°ãïœæ¥æ¬äººã¯/ïœè¥¿æ¬§ã®ïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ã/ã®äžã§/ãšããŠèª€è§£ããŠåãåãå¯èœæ§ã匷ãããã(âãã®éã蟿ããã(G))ãšãªãããšïŒ¡ã¯å¯Ÿæ¯ã§â©æ®µãããäžäœè (ãäžïŒ)ãã/äžæ¹çã«ä»äžããã/絶察çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£ãæå¡ã/èªçºçã«äœãäžãã/æ°Žå¹³çãªïœ¢æ£çŸ©ïœ£ïœ£ãšãŸãšãããäžæ¹çã«ïœ£ã«å¯ŸããŠïœ¢èªçºçã«ïœ£ãšé ããã
<GV解çäŸ>
äŒçµ±çã«ãæ£çŸ©ãããäžããäžæ¹çã«ä»äžããã絶察çãªãã®ãšã¿ãªãåŸåã匷ãæ¥æ¬äººã¯ãå
±åäœã®æå¡ãå
±åããããã«èªçºçã«äœãäžãããã®ãšãã西欧ã®æ°Žå¹³çãªåŽé¢ã®ãæ£çŸ©ããã䟡å€ã®è»žã倱ããæ··è¿·ããçŸä»£ç€ŸäŒã®äžã§ãèªå·±ã®çãæ¹ã«è³ããå人çãªæéãäžããŠããããã®ãšããŠèª€è§£ãåãåãå¯èœæ§ã匷ãããã(150)
<åè K塟解çäŸ>
西欧ç±æ¥ã®å²åŠçšèªãæ¥æ¬èªã«ç¿»èš³ãããšãã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®æå³ãšå€§ãããºã¬ãããšãããã人éãè¶
è¶ãããã®ã«ç±æ¥ããå·šæªãšéã匱è
ãå©ããã絶察çãªåããæ³èµ·ãããæ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ãã«æ
£ã芪ããæ¥æ¬ã®äººã
ã¯ã人éãå
±ã«çããããã®å
¬æ£ãªã«ãŒã«ã§ãã西欧ã®å²åŠçšèªã®ãæ£çŸ©ããæ£ããç解ã§ããªãããã®ãããè±ç±³ã®æ¿æ²»å²åŠã®ãæ£çŸ©è«ãã誀解ããçµå±ãæ··è¿·ããçŸä»£ãçããæéãçããæã£åãæ©ãäžããŠããããã®ãšããŠäžæçã«æ¶è²»ããŠçµããããšã«ãªãããã ããã(225)
<åè Té²è§£çäŸ>
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãæ£çŸ©ãã¯ã匱è
ã«åªãã人æ
çã§çµ¶å¯ŸçãªåãšããŠã®æå³ã§çšããããã®ã§ãè±ç±³ã®ãæ£çŸ©è«ãã®ããã«ç€ŸäŒã®åºæ¬çã«ãŒã«ãå·éãã€å°å³ã«è°è«ããããã§ã¯ãªããæ¥æ¬ã«ããã “æ£çŸ©” è«ã¯çãæ¹ãå¿ã®æã¡æ¹ã«çµã³ã€ããŠã人ç芳ãçããæ±ããåãªãããŒã ã§çµããããã ããã(134)